Assignment for MSc in Innovation Management Essay

Assignment for MSc in Innovation Management - Essay Example Transformational change requires a shift in conduct that results in an organisation significantly different in structure, processes, culture, and strategy. Transitional change seeks to achieve a known desired state different from the existing one, examples of which are the basis of much organisational change literature (Kanter, 1983; Nadler and Tushman, 1989). TQM refers to a management process directed at establishing organised continuous development activities involving everyone in the organisation in a totally integrated effort towards improving performance at every level (Almaraz, 1994). It is a management philosophy and business strategy rooted in the works of Deming (1986), Ishikawa (1985), Juran (1988), and Crosby (1989). Hackman and Wageman (1995) lists TQM's four general principles: TQM focuses on work processes, explicit identification and measurement of internal and external customer requirements, analysis of variances, use of cross-functional teams, management by facts (data), learning and continuous improvement, and the use of process management heuristics. Through data collection, analysis, hypothesis formation and testing, process changes can be devised and introduced steadily and continuously to improve quality. Whilst radical change is episodic, emergent, second order, transitional or transformational, TQM is designed for continuous, planned, first order, and developmental change. Here lies a conceptual discrepancy that may lead us to conclude that having a TQM culture does not prepare a firm to manage the radical changes affecting it. TQM focuses on incremental changes to work processes designed for a given set of assumptions defined by customer needs, a legislative climate, and technology conditions. What happens if these assumptions undergo a radical change We review the literature on the issue and inquire if other change management tools may be more appropriate. Lewin (1951) conceptualised change as a three-stage process involving unfreezing (the existing organisational equilibrium), moving (to a new position), and refreezing (in a new equilibrium position). Schein (1987) elaborated that unfreezing involves disconfirmation of expectations, creation of guilt or anxiety, and provision of psychological safety that converts anxiety into motivation to change. Moving to a new position is achieved through cognitive restructuring, often by identifying with a new role model or mentor and scanning the environment for new information. Refreezing occurs when the new point of view is integrated into the total personality and concept of self and significant

J. David Bamberger: A Biography

J. David Bamberger: A Biography A  champion  of  land  stewardship  and  habitat  restoration J. David Bamberger has become an internationally known and highly respected conservationist who has dedicated his life work to protecting the environment while using its resources. He has transformed a once blighted.useless property into a beautiful sanctuary that serves as a model for others interested in habitat restoration. He has made strides in protecting and growing certain endangered species populations which have made positive impacts around the world. Bamberger shares the knowledge he has gained throughout his life by teaching others through trainings and workshops. Bamberger grew up in rural Ohio during the Great Depression and World War II. He had always admired the Amish for their ability to live in harmony with the land. (Greene, 2007) His father was a farmer so he learned to grow food at a young age. (Mcleod, 2001) His mother gave him a book titlePleasant Valley, written by Louis Bromfield, when he was growing up. Bromfield was an American advocate for land restoration and he wrote about his ideas in that book. Bamberger once said if I ever make money I want to do what Bromfield did,(Greene,  2007) referring to his work in habitat restoration. According to Goodwyn, (2010), Bamberger began working in Ohio as a door to door vacuum cleaner salesman in the 1940s. He received a Bachelor of Science Degree from Kent State University in 1950 before he moved to Texas where he continued to sell vacuum cleaners. He worked long hard hours with few days off to make as much money as he could, as he was paid by commission. Although his family was disappointed in his initial career choice according to Goodwyn (2010), he was able to bank half of a million dollars over a ten year period. Then he met another vacuum salesman named Bill Church who was trying to expand his fried chicken restaurant but needed some financial backing. Bamberger used some of his fortune to invest into the company known as Churchs Fried Chicken and became a partner in that business. By the  late 1960s the restaurant expanded across Texas making them both very wealthy. Bamberger used the wealth he had worked for to fulfill a lifetime dream in habitat restoration. Goodwyn (2010) reported while realtors were trying to show him properties with air strips and nice houses, he told them he wanted something nobody else wants. He ended up purchasing a 5500 acre ranch that was full of juniper plants which choke out other plants by spreading and taking over the landscape so nothing else can grow, reported in the article Restoring the Range. The land was overgrazed from years of misuse and there was little topsoil which had been blown away by wind due to the absence of plant root systems which would have held moisture in the soil. The creeks on the property were mostly dried up and not supporting the habitat. The animals that lived on the ranch were undernourished as well due to the lack of food in the area. Bamberger worked for decades to restore the ecological balance of the property.   He cleared the land of Juniper, carved plateaus into the hillsides to hold rain water, planted grass to hold the soil in place and to absorb the water into the soil. (Goodwyn, 2010). He changed and improved the water distribution across the property and planted trees and wildflowers according to the article Restoring the Range. Mcleod (2001) cited the incredible work he has accomplished on his property is evident by simply looking at his fence line. On one side of the fence, Junipers are still ravaging the landscape while on his side of the fence there are fields of grass along with a diversity of many other plants. The wildlife on the property have prospered on the revitalized ground according to the research. Bamberger said there were initially 48 species of birds when he first acquired the property but that number has climbed to over 219 species. (Restoring the Range, 2012) At the beginning the best deer harvested weighed 55 pounds after field dressing. (Mcleod, 2001) Now the average weight is 105 pounds. The ranch is also a working farm that raises and sells livestock. According to Goodwyn (2010), he used one square mile of his property to provide a  habitat for a highly endangered Scimitar-homed Oryx, an antelope that had disappeared from the African Sahara. The animal is currently extinct in the wild but still bred in captivity. The ranch is now home to a large herd of thriving Oryx and breeding aged males are regularly traded with  zoos and other animal preserves to preserve genetic diversity. He carved a three dome cave into a hillside on his property in 1998 and lined the ceiling wi th gunite, a mixture of cement, sand, and water that is generally sprayed into tunnels to line them with a hard dense layer. This is now  home to more than 400,000 Mexican Free-Tailed Bats.   Bamberger ranch has been one of the largest habitat restorations in Texas.   His work has not only improved the quality oflife for the 5500 acres and species living there, but has served as a model for others to follow. Goodwyn (2010) acknowledged he has improved the water quality of the water on his land which positively effects everyone downstream of his property. Bamberger hosts research on grasslands and range management at the ranch. He holds conferences and educational workshops on habitat restoration for students, landowners,  scientists, and conservation agencies.   He has earned dozens of awards for his work on the ranch and in the community. J. David Bambergers life journey is an inspiration to others. His inspiration came from a book his mother bought him. He worked hard, saved money, and fulfilled his dream. He found the worst piece of property he could find and he was able to transform it into a model for land stewardship. The refurbished property now boasts healthy water and vegetation. His work didnt stop there, as he added endangered species to the property,   as well as helped the species that  were already there to prosper. Then, he continued to help the enviromnent by passing on the knowledge he has gained through his experience to others by hosting training and workshops. He has shown that everyone can make a difference if they set their mind to it. Works Cited Around the Nation. Texas Rancher An Unlikely Environmentalist, Heard on All Things  Considered, by Wade Goodwyn, 2 February 2010 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storylcl=12306868 l The Austin Chronicle, Day Trips, J. David Bamberger has taken a slice of the Hill Country and restored it to pristine beauty, by Gerald E. Mcleod, 12   October   2001  http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2001-10-12/8325 l/ Making a Difference: Restoring the Range, posted 29 May 2012 https ://hmclecozine.com/2012/05/29/restoring-the-range/ Water From Stone, The Story of Selah, Bamberger Ranch Preserve, by Jeffrey Greene, 26 March  2007

Risks And Challneges Of The EU Expansion :: essays research papers

Risks and challenges of the EU expansion I. Introduction For several years now the European Union is discussing a possible enlargement, because several European countries have applied for membership in the EU. These are especially the former communist countries in Eastern Europe, that have clearly turned towards the west since the fall of the iron curtain. These countries are Bulgaria, the Baltic countries Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary. Additionally Turkey, Cyprus and Malta are trying for quite some time already to join the EU. These application are not to be accepted without any further consideration because they do bring along some risks and the consequences are hard to distinguish therefore these countries are not very likely joining the European Union in the near future and will therefore not be included in the following evaluation. II. Risks and challenges If one wants to evaluate the risks and challenges of an upcoming expansion of the EU one should first take into account experiences gained during previous expansion which were somewhat comparable. Here the southern expansion from 1986 should be mentioned where two economically weak countries sought admission to the then so called European Community. The admission procedure of these two candidates, being Spain and Portugal, were lengthy and considered very problem bearing. Especially the amount of produce that would add to the already existing agricultural over-production of the Community was seen to be a problem since it would increase the load on the European budget. But seen from a global economical perspective the joining of Spain and Portugal was overall positive for the EC and the two countries, although Spain struggled with a further rise of unemployment and disparities within the Community were further amplified. The disparities within the Union will most certainly increase when it comes to an eastern expansion, but the agricultural problem will not be an issue, because the candidates have not got their focus on agriculture, already because of their communist heritage which focused on industry rather than on agriculture or the tertiary sector. In case of the approaching expansion towards Eastern Europe the Union will have to resolve several problems, the most severe being without any doubt the financial one that will go along with the extension, estimated to be â‚ ¬5 - â‚ ¬6 billion annually, just for the technologically underdeveloped agriculture in the new member states. The financial problem will also lead to a temporary discontent among the population of the existing members, since the financial load on the countries will cause budget cuts because the new members will undoubtedly belong to the payees rather than the payers. Risks And Challneges Of The EU Expansion :: essays research papers Risks and challenges of the EU expansion I. Introduction For several years now the European Union is discussing a possible enlargement, because several European countries have applied for membership in the EU. These are especially the former communist countries in Eastern Europe, that have clearly turned towards the west since the fall of the iron curtain. These countries are Bulgaria, the Baltic countries Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary. Additionally Turkey, Cyprus and Malta are trying for quite some time already to join the EU. These application are not to be accepted without any further consideration because they do bring along some risks and the consequences are hard to distinguish therefore these countries are not very likely joining the European Union in the near future and will therefore not be included in the following evaluation. II. Risks and challenges If one wants to evaluate the risks and challenges of an upcoming expansion of the EU one should first take into account experiences gained during previous expansion which were somewhat comparable. Here the southern expansion from 1986 should be mentioned where two economically weak countries sought admission to the then so called European Community. The admission procedure of these two candidates, being Spain and Portugal, were lengthy and considered very problem bearing. Especially the amount of produce that would add to the already existing agricultural over-production of the Community was seen to be a problem since it would increase the load on the European budget. But seen from a global economical perspective the joining of Spain and Portugal was overall positive for the EC and the two countries, although Spain struggled with a further rise of unemployment and disparities within the Community were further amplified. The disparities within the Union will most certainly increase when it comes to an eastern expansion, but the agricultural problem will not be an issue, because the candidates have not got their focus on agriculture, already because of their communist heritage which focused on industry rather than on agriculture or the tertiary sector. In case of the approaching expansion towards Eastern Europe the Union will have to resolve several problems, the most severe being without any doubt the financial one that will go along with the extension, estimated to be â‚ ¬5 - â‚ ¬6 billion annually, just for the technologically underdeveloped agriculture in the new member states. The financial problem will also lead to a temporary discontent among the population of the existing members, since the financial load on the countries will cause budget cuts because the new members will undoubtedly belong to the payees rather than the payers.

Different Studies Define Organizational Commitment Commerce Essay

This chapter provides the debut of this thesis. First the background sing the research is discussed. It besides provides the importance of this survey with the job treatment which will assist the reader understand the intent and research inquiries. Now yearss in organisations, committedness has become really popular topic of involvement. Commitment is of import in organisation and every bit good as effect of a figure of work related variables. Different surveies define organisational committedness otherwise like committedness targeted specifically toward the organisation as an administrative entity. The construct of organisational committedness can be comprises of followerss. Our society roars and develops, the employee`s committedness towards organisation becomes more bleary and dissolves. Now twenty-four hours ‘s employees are happening it hard and difficult for them to remain committed within the organisation. Different factors consequence employee committedness otherwise. It includes certain committednesss to the director, profession, businesss or calling. The construct of organisational committedness can be divided into three different types: Â · Affective committedness which refers to employees ‘ emotional fond regard, designation and engagement towards the organisation. Employees with a strong committedness usage to remain within the organisation because they want to stay in the organisation. Â · Continuance committedness which refers to employees ‘ appraisal ; means the cost of go forthing the organisation is greater than the costs of remaining within the organisation. From employees point of position the costs of go forthing the organisation is greater than the costs of remaining with the organisation because they need to remain in the organisation because they do n't hold any other pick while merely remaining in the organisation. Â · Normative committedness refers to employees ‘ feeling of duty ( responsibility ) to. Employees ‘ committedness consists of work committedness, organisational committedness and calling committedness. Organizational committedness can besides be defined as employee ‘s engagement and his/ her degree of dedication, earnestness and trueness towards his/her organisation in order to accomplish organisational ends and aims.1.1 BACKGROUNDIn this portion Employee ‘s committedness in the telecommunication industry of Pakistan is traveling to be discussed. In economic sector Telecommunication is one of the of import economic sectors in the universe economic system. It besides has some impact on our lives as persons, on our concern in footings of efficiency and effectivity and client service on the footing of every state ‘s fight as a profitable economic system. On the other manus in concern environment, employees use to confront figure of force per unit areas to execute harmonizing to corporate outlooks. These sorts of force per unit areas are frequently created by extremely competitory concern environments, environments which can give uninterrupted alteration and internal redesign or even nerve-racking working conditions for the employees.1.2 TelecommunicationOne of the most of import economic sectors in the universe is Telecommunication sector. It besides has a major impact on our lives as persons, on our concern in footings of efficiency and effectivity and every state ‘s fight as a profitable economic system. Currently Pakistan ‘s telecommunications ‘ industry comprises of five major service suppliers that are ; Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone, Warid and Zong.1.3.1 MobilinkMobilink Pakistan is the most Cellular Company usage to claims to hold 10 Millions Subscribers within state broad. Mobilink was the first one to establish cellular web in Pakistan. They established themselves as the major cellular company of Pakistan. Covering about every metropolis of Pakistan. Mobilink is a large company that is why they are still expensive as comparison to other companies like Ufone and Warid Tele etc. As bulk of people are utilizing Mobilink services this is the ground why Mobilink is still bear downing high rates from people particularly from those people who belongs to concern category and these people hesitate to exchange to any other web to other cellular company. Mobilink has the largest endorsers in Pakistan. They had besides started GPRS services with Rs. 500/month of limitless use. Mobilink besides had started service of 3 friend and household figure with charges of merely 2.2s/min still expensive as compared to Warid and other webs. Mobilink has a good good adequate substructure and a good established web. The Website of Mobilink is designed in a manner that it gives the feeling to the users like professionals are sitting behind to pull off it. Everything is clearly described on the Website and it ‘s easy to run. Mobilink is a major cellular company and it stands in first topographic point. The lone drawback Mobilink is confronting that is it ‘s the call rates which are really high ( expensive ) .1.3.2 TelenorTelenor operates in about 13 markets universe broad and each on of those operates completed for the Best Brand Awards for the twelvemonth 2007. The 2007 Telenor Brand Awards was given to Telenor of Pakistan. Executive Vice President and caput of Global Coordination Ragnar Korsaeth, presented the award to Telenor Pakistan as he says, the victor of this Award 2007 i.e. Telenor, because it has built up its trade name penchants significantly above its market portion. The company has its highest client ‘s degree of satisfaction in extremely competitory market. Telenor is a subordinate. It launched its GSM Mobile services on 15th March 2005.1.3.3 UfoneUfone is a subordinate of PTCL and was established to supply cellular services across Pakistan. Currently Ufone is supplying quality services to its endorsers across Pakistan. Ufone has presently lowered down its naming rates as compared to other webs. With the support of PTCL, Ufone ever provides quality services to its endorsers. GPRS services of Ufone are the best available in the market. They are ever concerted and listen to the jobs of their endorsers and work out them every bit early as possible. Ufone offers particular characteristics like Internet Bill payment for the first clip in Pakistan. They are ever a caput from other webs in supplying quality services. The best characteristic which is offered by Ufone is Web2SMS Chat Mobile banking wage via SMS. Around 3 million endorsers are utilizing Ufone web and it is still turning. Ufone is one of the best cellular companies in Pakistan with dependable coverage to over 100 metropoliss.1.3.4 WaridIn Pakistan May 2005, Warid launched it services and this Warid tel is operated by Abu Dhabi group which is led by Sheikh Nahyan Mabarak Al Nahayan. It has achieved a landmark by establishing its services to about 6,250 finishs, in Pakistan and spread outing its quality of services around 486 metropoliss. Warid telecom has some good characteristics like low naming rates 30 unsweet charge. It is bettering its coverage and hopes it will be improved as the company grows. Major draw dorsum it has a slowest GPRS service. Warid to Warid call rates are inexpensive but particularly at darks sometimes it has web busy mistakes other than that it works all right. Warid telecom is confronting some current jobs it should supply redresss for these job in order to capture more market as their naming rates are assuring.1.3.5 ZongFirst International trade name of China Mobil is launched in Pakistan is Zong, in order to authorise the people of Pakistan in every corner of the state. The nucleus component of Zong is to let people to pass on freely, web coverage. Zong is supported by component like land interruption communications, tendency puting client service and an odd merchandise offering which will redefine regulations of the game. Zong is a difficult struggler to be at figure one topographic point. Zong offer its client with amusements and advanced services and besides authorise them by giving a assortment of merchandises and services.1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe intent of the survey is to happen out that to what certain extent does some variables affects and address employee ‘s committedness towards an organisation and what impact it has on overall employee`s public presentation in the organisation. This is based on private sectors of telecom industry embedded with the committedness of employees towards the organisation.1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENTThis survey is researching the relation among step ining variables ( occupation satisfaction, trueness, growing, inducements, working environment, communicating, authorization, motive and preparation ) and independent variable ( employee committedness ) and its effects upon the dependant variable ( organisational public presentation ) . It has been found out after preliminary probe that employees are less committed within the organisat ion due to holding less ownership in their work, low occupation satisfaction, non plenty fruitful inducements, hapless working environment, deficiency of growing and employee trueness within organisation and all other hapless employee satisfaction factors like deficiency of preparation, authorization, motive and hapless communicating process within the organisation, which consequences in high turnover rate in private sector of telecom organisation.1.5 OBSERVATION AND RESEARCH QUESTIONSIt is based upon high turnover rate in the telecom industry therefore the investigated factors impacting the committedness of employees and its consequence on organisations. Besides to look into and find the relationship between certain variable and turn toing the undermentioned inquiries: 1. Is there a important relationship between organisational trueness and employee committedness, 2. Is there a important relationship between organisational growing and employee committedness, 3. Is there a important relationship between organisation inducements and employee committedness, 4. Is there a important relationship between working environment and employee committedness, 5. Is there a important relationship between occupation satisfaction and employee committedness. Independent variable: employee committedness Dependent variable: better organisational development Intervening variable: occupation satisfaction, trueness, growing, inducements, working environment, overall employee satisfaction Result: better organisational public presentation1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe success of any organization`s hereafter concern scheme relay on a great trade of it employee ‘s committedness degrees. It besides depends upon on the organisational leading to actuate, to pull and to retain committed employees for future concern aims. Theoretically, this survey added to the organic structure of cognition on the general topic of employee committedness. From a practical point of position, there is a nexus between affectional organisational committedness and productiveness in footings of results such as occupation public presentation and attending. Therefore, it is assumed that this survey will be of involvement to subdivision directors, human resource decision makers, and individuals who work straight with employees in the telecommunication industry.1.8 SUMMARY OF THESISChapter 1In the gap subdivision of Chapter 1, it includes the debut of research subject and back land for the research inquiry. For this survey Problem statement, intent of the survey, significance of the survey and the research inquiries were used.Chapter 2This chapter contains a literature reappraisal related to the factors lending towards employee committedness and what impact it has on organisational public presentation.Chapter 3This chapter focu ses on the research methodological analysis. The research inquiry, trying processs, instrument, data-gathering processs and the method of analysis are discussed in it.Chapter 4This chapter explains research and findings of the survey on the footing of independent, dependent and intervening variables through the aid of arrested development and correlativity.Chapter 5In this chapter an detailed positions of deductions, restrictions and suggestions are provided. Besides these all chapter at the terminal References and Appendix are besides are given.

Anthem For Doomed Youth Etc

This poem tries to stop young men from volunteering to go and fight in a war, and to let them see that war is not as what is was often imagined to be – glorious and sweet. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is also an anti-war poem, but it does not include the horrific imagery Of Dulcet et Decorum Est. In this poem, Owen explains that many young people die in war, and that the family also suffers from their relatives death. This poem discourages the families from sending their boys to war.It is aimed at the parents, and through the poem, the parents can realize the pain of losing a son. Both anti- AR poems want to explain to people although aimed at different groups that war is not glorious and sweet, as it was believed to be. In this, the poems are very similar, but the methods used to achieve this differs greatly. â€Å"Dulcet et Decorum Est† gives a personal experience of a soldier, probably Owen himself, in battle. The first stanza explains just how tired and exh austing you can be after war-The atmosphere is depressive.Owen uses words and phrases like â€Å"hags†, â€Å"sludge† and â€Å"drunk with fatigue†. The entire mood is depressive and exhausting, and makes the reader feel the draining effect of AR. In the second stanza, the mood changes drastically from being exhausted to energetic. This is what Owen describes to be â€Å"an ecstasy of fumbling†, which is an oxymoron, as ecstasy in usually associated with joy, and fumbling with awkwardness. It seems that a chlorine-gas bomb exploded near the soldiers, and panicle, they hastily put on their gas masks.All but one manage to put the masks on in time. That man suffers grumblingly, as he is described to be burnt by the gas â€Å"like a man in fire or which is a substance that can eat flesh. â€Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. † The Rene sea would be because of the effects of the chlorine gas – which is green, and the mask visor. The dr owning effects would be because of the blood in his lungs, and the gurgling for air while he was dying. This is a good simile, because Owen compares the surrounding gas to a sea, in which he is safe, but the unprotected man is drowning.The stanza ends with the line â€Å"He plunges at me, guttering chocking, drowning'. It is a very gruesome end to a very horrid stanza. This onomatopoeia in line sixteen makes the death sound very real, gruesome and sickening. The atmosphere Of this stanza is horrifying ND sickening. In the third stanza, the atmosphere changes again. The gas is gone, and they are loading up the dead and dying. The bodies are, however, not loaded onto the truck with respect; instead they are â€Å"flung' in. This dehumidifies the dead, and it just shows that there is no time to honor the dead.They are treated like garbage. Then the half dead man from the gas- attack is brought up again. He is in his final death stages. It is just as horrid as the second stanza. †Å"the blood. .. Gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs†¦ † This is another onomatopoeia, and it is easy to imagine the final death scene. The sat part of the poem gives this statement after the grueling scene: â€Å"My friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory, the old lie: Dulcet et Decorum Est Pro Patria Moor. In this, Owen explains, that if you could in some dream follow that horrific scene, and experience what the soldiers experienced, then nobody would enthusiastically tell desperate young men, about to go to war, seeking glory, that it is sweet and fitting to die for one's country, as was often quoted by commanders. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is in the form of a Shakespearian sonnet, which is normally associated with love. This is very ironic, as this poem has very little to do with love – it has to do with death.The word â€Å"Anthem† is mostly associated with pride and glory, but in the ti tle, it symbolizes the guarantee and promise of dead young men. The first line asks a rhetorical question: â€Å"what passing bells for these who die like cattle? â€Å", followed by â€Å"only the monstrous anger of the guns†. This means, that there are no church bells for those who are slaughtered like animals, there are only the loud and deadly guns on the battlefields. Immediately, this will strike especially parents, who will not want their children to die, especially if there is tot even glory or honor in the death.No ceremony is held to honor the brave and dead there is only â€Å"angry' gunfire. Then there is the wonderful phrase â€Å"stuttering rifle's rapid rattle†. This is both an alliteration and an onomatopoeia. One can almost hear the deadly machine gun fire, ungracefully slaughtering thousands Of boys. Owen continues giving his description of the lack of glory for the young men, by saying â€Å"the shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells†. T his is also a paradox, as choirs are usually associated with a church and happiness, but here it is the ‘song' of shrill, howling shells.